1. Anti-Wear Agents: The "Shield" for Metal Surfaces

Anti-wear agents (e.g., T321 Sulfurized Isobutylene) form adsorption or chemical reaction films on contact surfaces. Lab tests show premium anti-wear additives can reduce gearbox wear by 40%-60%.

• Applications:
  - Gear oils (API GL-5 standard)
  - Hydraulic fluids for construction machinery
  - Emerging tech: Boron nitride nano-ceramic additives

2. Antioxidants: The "Preservatives" of Lubricants

Amine-based (T534 Alkylated Diphenylamine) and phenolic (T501 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol) antioxidants extend oil oxidation induction periods 2-3 through radical scavenging.

• Innovations:
  - Synthetic oils: Dosage reduced from 1.2% to 0.8%
  - EV-specific: Polyisobutylene succinimide withstands 250 C

3. Detergents: The Engine's "Janitors"

Calcium sulfonate (T106) neutralizes SOx/NOx while succinimide (T154) suspends 0.01-5 m particles. Bench tests prove 80% reduction in piston ring deposits.

4. Viscosity Modifiers: Temperature Adaptors

Star-shaped polymers (T634 HSHR) show 35% better thermal stability. Multi-grade oils (5W-40) deliver 2.1%-3.8% fuel savings.

5. Extreme Pressure Agents: Emergency Responders

Sulfur-based (T321) forms FeS layers at 600 C, while phosphorus agents (T306) prevent micropitting. FZG Stage 9-certified additives handle 3.5GPa loads.

Future Trends

• Ash-free sulfonates (ash content <0.1%) meet API SP
• Thermo-responsive smart polymers
• EU-mandated 90% magnetic additive recovery by 2027

Conclusion
These five additives form the technological backbone of modern lubrication systems. Understanding their mechanisms enables smarter maintenance decisions and oil selection strategies.